Four Faces of truth

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Wilber K (1997) The Eye of Spirit – an integral vision for a world gone slightly mad; Shambala


Ken Wilber identifies two main lines of thought (interior (subjective) and exterior (objective)) that may be located in individuals or collectives. This allows the creation of  matrices that point to the four faces of truth.  No face can be thought of as absolute. Each helps us see the world in complementary ways. A fundamentalist stance with regard to the view from any particular face leads to a distortion of the reality which cannot be described!

The 'It' language of 'hard' Science

On the right hand are those paths that start with objective, empirical, and often quantifiable observables. These overall approaches take the physical or empirical world as most fundamental, and all theorising must then be carefully tied to, or anchored in, empirical observables. 

The 'I' and 'We' language of the Arts and Folk Culture

On the left hand are those paths that start with the immediacy of consciousness itself – let us call them the ‘interior’ or the ‘introspection and interpretation’ approaches. These approaches do not deny the importance of empirical or objectivist data, but they point out … that the definition of the word data is ‘direct experience’, and the only genuinely direct experience each of us has is his or her own immediate and interior experience. 

Three/four common ways of thinking

Four academic schools of thought


Table 1: Three common ways of thinking

 

I
N
D
I
V
I
D
U
A
L

INTERIOR

EXTERIOR

Left hand paths

Right hand paths

Truthfulness

Sincerity
Integrity
trustworthiness

Truth

Correspondence
Representational
propositional

Subjective

Objective

I

It

C
O
L
L
E
C
T
I
V
E

We

It

Intersubjective

Interobjective

Justness

Cultural fit
Mutual understanding
Rightness

Functional fit

Systems theory web
Structural-functionalism
Social systems mesh


Table 2: Four Academic Schools of Thought

 

I
N
D
I
V
I
D
U
A
L

INTERIOR

EXTERIOR

Interpretive
Hermeneutic
Consciousness

Monological
Empirical, positivistic
Form

Sigmund Freud
C G Jung
Jean Piaget
Aurobindo
Plotinus
Gautama Buddha

B F Skinner
John Watson
John Locke
Empiricism
Behaviourism
Physics, biology, neurology etc

Intentional

Behavioural

C
O
L
L
E
C
T
I
V
E

Cultural

Social

Thomas Kuhn
Wilhelm Dilthey
Jean Gebster
Max Weber
Hans-Georg Gadamer

Systems Theory
Talcott Parsons
Auguste Comte
Karl Marx
Gerhard Lenski


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