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Dealing with Resistance to ChangeSource: Kotter J P & Schlesinger L A (1989)
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Approach |
Commonly used in situations |
Advantages |
Drawbacks |
Education + communication |
where there is lack of information or inaccurate information and analysis | once persuaded, people will often help with the implementation of the change | can be very time-consuming if lots of people are involved |
Participation + involvement |
where the initiators do not have all the information they need to design the change, and where others have considerable power to resist | people who participate will be committed to implementing change, and any relevant information they have will be integrated into the change plan | can be very time-consuming if participators design an inappropriate change |
Facilitation + support |
where people are resisting because of adjustment problems | no other approach works as well with adjustment problems | can be time-consuming, expensive and still fail |
Negotiation + agreement |
where someone or some group will clearly lose out in a change, and where that group has considerable power to resist | sometimes it is a relatively easy way to avoid major resistance | can be too expensive in many cases if it alerts others to negotiate for compliance |
Manipulation + co-optation |
where other tactics will not work, or are too expensive | it can be a relatively quick and inexpensive solution to resistance problems | can lead to future problems if people feel manipulated |
Explicit + implicit coercion |
where speed is essential, and the change initiators possess considerable power | it is speedy, and can overcome any kind of resistance | can be risky if it leaves people mad at the initiators |
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